Charles Raab is Professorial Fellow in Politics and International Relations, School of Social and Political Science at the University of Edinburgh, where he was Professor of Government. He is co-Director of the Centre for Research into Information, Surveillance and Privacy (CRISP); for correspondence: <mailto:c.d.raab@ed.ac.uk>. Roger Clarke is Principal, Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra, and Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law, University of New South Wales, and in Computer Science, Australian National University; for correspondence: <mailto:Roger.Clarke@xamax.com.au>.